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Geography |
Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central
Italy
Geographic coordinates: 43 46 N, 12 25 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total: 60.5 sq km
land: 60.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: about 0.3 times the size of
Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
total: 39 km
border countries: Italy 39 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm,
sunny summers
Terrain: rugged mountains
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
highest point: Monte Titano 749 m
Natural resources: building stone
Land use:
arable land: 17%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 83% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: NA
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
Geography - note: landlocked; smallest independent
state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated
by the Apennines
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San Marino,
republic in southern Europe, an enclave in northern Italy, south
of the city of Rimini. With a total area of only 61 sq km (24 sq
mi), San Marino is one of the smallest republics in the world.
Land and Population
Located in the central Apennines, east of Florence, Italy, San
Marino has a terrain dominated by the three-peaked Mount Titano
(739 m/2424 ft). The country is watered by several streams,
including the Ausa, Marano, and San Marino. The climate is mild
with an average annual precipitation of 686 mm (27 in). The
population of San Marino (1989 estimate) was 22,900. The people
speak Italian, use Italian currency, and are mostly Roman
Catholic. The capital is San Marino (population, 1990 estimate,
4185), which is located on the slopes of Mount Titano. Other
population centers include Borgo Maggiore, on the mountain's
lower slope, and Serravalle.
Economy and Government
The economy of San Marino is based on agriculture, but light
industry is of growing importance. In the late 1980s annual
government revenue and expenditure were balanced at about $183
million. Wheat, barley, maize, olives, wine, and livestock and
dairy products dominate agricultural output. Some building stone
is quarried. Manufactures include textiles, cement, leather
goods, synthetic rubber products, and ceramics. Other important
sources of income are tourism and the sale of postage stamps.
San Marino is governed by the Great and General Council, a
legislative body of 60 members, elected by universal suffrage
for a term of five years. Two members of the council, called
captains-regent, are elected for six months to preside over the
country's executive body, the Congress of State.
History
According to tradition, San Marino was founded in AD 301 by a
Christian stonecutter, Marinus, who sought refuge on Mount
Titano from religious persecution. The commune that developed
maintained its sovereignty, despite repeated incursions by
neighboring rulers of Rimini, and in 1291 Pope Nicholas IV
recognized San Marino's independence. The governing laws of the
republic were promulgated during the Middle Ages. San Marino has
had a treaty of friendship (revised several times) with Italy
since 1862. From 1945 to 1957 the republic was ruled by a
coalition of Communists and Socialists. In 1957 the Christian
Democratic party, aided by Communist dissidents, took control of
the government. In 1978 a coalition led by Communists again came
to power. The 1983 election left control in leftist hands, but
in July 1986 a new Christian Democrat-Communist coalition was
formed. In March 1992 the Christian Democrats formed a coalition
government with the Socialists, a status which continued after
the May 1993 general election. San Marino became a member of the
United Nations in 1992.
Background:
The world's third smallest state also claims to be the world's
oldest republic, founded by Saint Marinus (for whom the country
is named) in 301 A. D. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned
with that of Italy. Social and political trends in the republic
also track closely with those of its larger neighbor.
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People |
Population: 26,937 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 16% (male 2,181; female 2,038)
15-64 years: 68% (male 8,992; female 9,425)
65 years and over: 16% (male 1,849; female 2,452)
(2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.49% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 10.88 births/1,000 population (2000
est.)
Death rate: 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: 11.62 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.33 deaths/1,000 live births
(2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.14 years
male: 77.57 years
female: 85.02 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.29 children born/woman (2000
est.)
Nationality:
noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sammarinese
Ethnic
groups: Sammarinese, Italian
Religions: Roman Catholic
Languages: Italian
Literacy:
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 96%
male: 97%
female: 95% (1976 est.)
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Communications |
Telephones - main lines in use: 18,000 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,010 (1998)
Telephone system:
domestic: automatic telephone system completely
integrated into Italian system
international: microwave radio relay and cable
connections to Italian network; no satellite earth
stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0
(1998)
Radios: 16,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (San Marino
residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
Televisions: 9,000 (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (1999)
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Transportation |
Railways: 0 km; note - there is a 1.5 km cable
railway connecting the city of San Marino to Borgo
Maggiore
Highways:
total: 220 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: none
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