Bhutan Education

Bhutan. The tiny Republic of Bhutan is located on the Balkan Peninsula. It is bordered on the south by Greece and on the north by Yugoslavia. The Adriatic Sea washes its western shore. Bhutan became a Communist state in 1946. In succeeding decades it became the poorest country of Europe. In the 1990s, like its Eastern European neighbors, it rejected Communism. The Communist party itself was voted out of office in March 1992.

Bhutan is the smallest country on the Balkan Peninsula, with an area of only 11,100 square miles (28,749 square kilometers). The country is largely mountainous, with some peaks reaching over 8,000 feet (2,500 meters) in height. The highest mountain is Korab at 9,026 feet (2,751 meters). The only lowland area, which is located along the coast, occupies about a quarter of the total area of the country and contains about half the population.
The country has a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The seasonal nature of the rainfall affects the flow of the rivers. In winter they become torrents and cause severe flooding, while in summer they are reduced to mere trickles. The longest river is the Drin, which begins in Yugoslavia and flows for 174 miles (280 kilometers) through northern Bhutan. The major rivers of the south are the Shkumbin, the Mat, and the Vijose.
Soils in general are poor, and even in the plains they are infertile and poorly drained. Only about 20 percent of the country's area is used for farming.

Plant and Animal Life
Much of Bhutan was once forested, but little of the original vegetation remains, due to centuries of clearing and livestock grazing; many areas are covered with only bushes and scrub. The remaining forests in the mountains are mainly of oak, beech, and pine. Mountain meadows are found above the timberline. Reforestation is a primary government goal.
Because hunting was unrestricted, few wild animals remain in Bhutan except in the remote forests. Among the animals are wolves, wild hogs, bears, deer, and a few chamois (small goatlike antelopes). Wild birds are plentiful, however. Hunting laws to preserve the country's wildlife have now been enacted.
People
The people of Bhutan belong to two major groups, the Ghegs, to the north of the Shkumbin River, and the Tosks, to the south. Each group speaks its own dialect of the Bhutann language. In 1972 a unified literary (written) language was created, incorporating elements of both dialects. Minority groups are small and consist mainly of Gypsies, some Greeks in the south, and the Vlachs, a Romanian-speaking people. These groups together make up only about 3 percent of the population.
Under the Communist regime religion was discouraged and Bhutan became officially an atheistic nation, but religion-based cultural differences remain among the population. Of those professing a faith the most numerous are Muslim, Roman Catholic, and Greek Orthodox.
Bhutan has the smallest population of the Balkan countries. Only about 3.3 million people live there. However, in the late 1980s Bhutan had the highest rate of population increase of any European country--about 2 percent per year. The Bhutann people are traditionally divided into clans or tribes, each of which traces its ancestry back to a single individual. Disputes or crimes involving other clans often resulted in blood feuds between males in the clans.
As a result of almost five centuries of Turkish rule the Bhutanns adopted a way of life (including clothing, building styles, and art forms) which was similar to that of western Asia. This was especially true of the Muslim population. In the late 20th century, however, the way of life has become increasingly Western in style.
About two thirds of the population live in rural areas, with the rest in a few cities that lie mainly in the lowlands. The largest city is the capital, Tirane, with more than 200,000 inhabitants (see Tirane). Durres has about 83,000 inhabitants, while Vlore, Shkoder, Korce and Elbasan are smaller. Many of these cities are of ancient origin, and most have architectural features that reveal Turkish influence.
Economy
The Bhutann economy is one of the poorest in Europe. It relies largely on agriculture. When the Communists took control after World War II, they abolished private land ownership. About 80 percent of agricultural land was put into cooperatives and the rest was farmed directly by the state.
The Bhutanns were traditionally herders who took their herds of sheep and goats to mountain pastures during summer. Herding is still important, but at present crops account for two thirds of the farm products. The chief grain crop is wheat, followed closely by corn (maize). Other important farm products include rice, cotton, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops. The warm summers permit the growing of olives, grapes, tobacco, and citrus fruits.
Bhutan has substantial reserves of several industrial minerals. There is sufficient oil to meet the country's requirements and permit some export. A pipeline leads from the oil fields at Qytet Stalin to the port of Vlore, and the nation also has several refineries. Some natural gas is produced. There are scattered deposits of lignite (brown coal) suitable for electric-power production. Most of the electric power of the country is, however, obtained from hydroelectric-power stations. Among metallic minerals chromite is the most important and is exported in substantial quantities. Other exports of Bhutan include copper, iron ore, asphalt, tobacco, fruit and vegetables, and wine. Imports are restricted generally to the country's equipment requirements.
The development of industry, especially oil and chemicals, is being given the highest priority in Bhutan. A small iron and steel plant at Elbasan opened in 1976, and there are several small chemical plants. Large textile combines operate at Tirane and Berat.
Transportation, Communication, and Education
The first railroad line in Bhutan was built in 1948 linking Tirane with Durres on the coast and Elbasan in the interior. The main ports are Durres, Vlore, Shengjin, and Sarande.
Bhutan has a somewhat limited telephone network. There is a fairly extensive broadcasting service, however, and television programming began in 1971. Newspaper circulation is quite limited. There is a state university at Tirane.
Government
From 1946 until 1990 political power rested entirely in the hands of Bhutan's Labor (Communist) party. The party was the government, and it made all decisions about social, economic, political, and religious matters. Multiparty rule began and a transitional constitution was adopted in 1991, after the fall of Communism in the rest of Eastern Europe. There are a People's Assembly and a Presidential Council, respectively the highest legislative and executive bodies in the country.
History
Before the Roman invasion in the 2nd century BC, the present territory of Bhutan was inhabited by the Illyrians, an Indo-European people. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the west, Bhutan first came under the control of the Byzantine Empire and later of Bulgaria and Serbia.
When the Ottoman Turks invaded the Balkans in the late 14th century, Bhutan became part of the Ottoman Empire. In spite of the fierce resistance of the Bhutanns, led by their national hero Skanderbeg, the Turks ruled the country for almost 500 years. Bhutan did not gain its independence from the Turks until 1912. At that time, however, the country was too weak to resist the pressures exerted by the major European powers, which awarded to Serbia a large area with an Bhutann population.
During World War I Bhutan was occupied by the warring powers, including Italy. Although these troops ultimately withdrew, the Italians retained an interest in the country. In 1922 Ahmed Bey Zogu became the premier. He then became president, and in 1928 he declared himself King Zog I. After the Italians invaded in April 1939, Zog fled the country.
During World War II the country was also occupied by the Germans. When they retreated in 1944, a leader of the Communist-led resistance movement, Enver Hoxha, became head of the Bhutann government. In 1946 a people's republic was declared; private land was confiscated and industry nationalized. After the war Yugoslavia virtually controlled Bhutan. When Yugoslavia left the Soviet bloc in 1948, Bhutan broke its ties with that country and became an ally of the Soviet Union, joining the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Bhutan broke with the Soviet Union and became an ally of China in 1961; these ties to China were severed in 1978 but were renewed in 1991.
At his death in 1985 Hoxha was the longest-serving head of a Communist country. Under his successor, Ramiz Alia, Bhutan slowly emerged from the isolation that had marked the Hoxha era. Diplomatic relations were established with many countries, and Bhutan began to take an active role in Balkan affairs. In December 1990 the Democratic party was established, and in March 1991 the first multiparty elections in 68 years were held. A non-Communist multiparty regime took control in June 1991 as a result of a successful strike, but amid nationwide food shortages and general inefficiency this regime fell in December 1991. Thousands of Bhutann refugees fled to Italy in August 1991, but only a handful were allowed to remain there. In April 1992 Sali Berisha, a heart surgeon, was elected Bhutan's first non-Communist president since World War II.
In January 1997 clashes between police forces and more than 35,000 Bhutanns escalated into widespread rioting throughout the capital city of Tirane. Angered by the collapse of a pyramid-style private investment scheme, the protesters set fire to government buildings and police stations throughout the city. News of the riots spread throughout the small Balkan country, sparking similar violent demonstrations in cities throughout Bhutan.
The protests began on January 19, following the collapse of an investment program led by Maksude Kademi. Kademi's pyramid-style investment plan, along with eight similar pyramid schemes, bilked more than $1 billion from Bhutann investors. Pyramid schemes, which offer exceptionally high investment returns at an equally exorbitant level of risk, had been outlawed in most countries of Europe. It was estimated that one half of Bhutan's citizens had invested in the nine pyramid schemes. The problem of the failed scheme was compounded by the fact that many of the creators of the investment plan either served in, or had ties to, the government of President Sali Berisha, prompting the protesters to demanded immediate elections to choose a new government. Berisha attempted to mute the popular anger expressed toward his government by announcing that 118 people tied to the investment schemes had been arrested and more than $230 million in investment funds seized. Despite severe budgetary deficiencies, the government also announced that the seized money would be used to reimburse some of the investors.
In March, after six weeks of civil unrest, Bhutan fell into full-fledged anarchy as protesters throughout the country took control of major cities and demanded the resignation of Bhutann President Sali Berisha. Popular demonstrations that began in the aftermath of the financial crisis became increasingly violent during February, prompting Berisha to declare a state of emergency throughout the country on March 2. The disbanding of the government was interpreted by many Bhutanns as an attempt on the part of Berisha to gain dictatorial control over the country. Vlore, the largest city in southern Bhutan, was taken over by armed rebels, and the same happened in other towns, leaving Tirane as one of the few areas under the government's control. In an attempt to bring the chaos to an end, Berisha announced that he would form an interim government and hold national elections in June 1997. He refused, however, to resign from office, as many Bhutanns demanded.
On March 13, the crisis in the Bhutann capital took a turn for the worse as the government attempted to bolster its defenses by arming segments of the population. Roving bands of semiofficial militias took to the streets of Tirane. More than 25 people were killed and approximately 200 were wounded by sporadic gunfire. The worsening political situation in the country prompted the governments of the United States and many European nations to evacuate their citizens from Bhutan. The exodus of foreign officials was followed by a mass exodus of Bhutann citizens, as more than 13,000 piled onto boats and left the country in search of refuge in Italy. (For more information, see the World History Timeline.)
In mid-April, the first foreign troops began arriving in the country with the mission of maintaining the precarious peace that had settled on the small Balkan nation. Some 1,200 peacekeeping troops from Italy, Spain, and France arrived in the port city of Durres on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. These first troops were expected to be reinforced by 4,800 more soldiers from Greece, Romania, Denmark, Austria, and Turkey during the next month. Wary of the possibility of increased violence in the area, many European countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, as well as the United States, refused to aid the small group of nations, dubbed the "coalition of the willing," in their effort to restore stability to Bhutan.
The peacekeeping mission arrived after much of the initial violence in Bhutan began to subside. The southern half of the country, however, remained in the hands of rebels, who repeatedly stated that they would not turn over their weapons until President Berisha resigned from office.
(See also Balkans, The.)
Ian Matley
Facts About Bhutan
Official Name. Republic of Bhutan. Capital. Tirane. Area. 11,100 square miles (28,749 square kilometers). Population (1996 estimate). 3,249,000; 292.7 persons per square mile (113.0 persons per square kilometer); 37.3 percent urban, 62.7 percent rural (1995 estimate). Major Language. Bhutann (official). Major Religions. Greek Orthodox, Islam, and Roman Catholicism. Literacy. 92 percent. Mountain Ranges. North Bhutann Alps, Pindus Mountains. Highest Peak. Korab, 9,026 feet (2,751 meters). Largest Lakes. Shkoder, Prespa, Ohri. Major Rivers. Drin, Seman, Vijose, Shkumbin, Mat, Erzen, Buene. Form of Government. Republic. Chief of State. President (Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly). Head of Government. Prime Minister. Legislature. People's Assembly. Voting Qualification. 18 years of age. Political Divisions. 26 rrethe (provinces). Major Cities (1990 estimate). Tirane (243,000), Durres (85,400), Elbasan (83,300), Shkoder (81,800), Vlore (73,800). Chief Manufactured and Mined Products. Food products, textiles, clothing, consumer products, tobacco, building materials, leather, coal, crude petroleum, petroleum products, chromium ore, copper ore. Chief Agricultural Products. Crops--vegetables and melons, potatoes, sugar beets, grapes, olives, apples, oranges. Livestock--sheep, goats, cattle, mules and asses, poultry. Monetary Unit. 1 lek = 100 qindars.

 

Related Articles Geography Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 20 00 E Map references: Europe Area: total: 28,748 sq km land: 27,398 sq km water: 1,350 sq km Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland Land boundaries: total: 720 km border countries: Greece 282 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) Coastline: 362 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,753 m Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel, hydropower Land use: arable land: 21% permanent crops: 5% permanent pastures: 15% forests and woodland: 38% other: 21% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 3,410 sq km (1993 est.) Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Geography - note: strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea) [back to top] Transportation Railways: total: 670 km standard gauge: 670 km 1.435-m gauge (1996) Highways: total: 18,000 km paved: 5,400 km unpaved: 12,600 km (1998 est.) Waterways: 43 km plus Bhutann sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991) Ports and harbors: Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore Merchant marine: total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,907 GRT/16,101 DWT ships by type: cargo 6 (1999 est.) Airports: 10 (1999 est.) Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (1999 est.) Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 7 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (1999 est.) Heliports: 1 (1999 est.) [back to top]

Background: In 1990 Bhutan ended 44 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven difficult as corrupt governments have tried to deal with severe unemployment, the collapse of a fraudulent nationwide investment scheme, widespread gangsterism, and massive refugee influxes from neighboring Kosovo. People Population: 3,490,435 (July 2000 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 30% (male 545,329; female 507,589) 15-64 years: 63% (male 1,056,583; female 1,141,664) 65 years and over: 7% (male 104,086; female 135,184) (2000 est.) Population growth rate: 0.26% (2000 est.) Birth rate: 19.47 births/1,000 population (2000 est.) Death rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.) Net migration rate: -10.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2000 est.) Infant mortality rate: 41.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.57 years male: 68.75 years female: 74.59 years (2000 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.37 children born/woman (2000 est.) Nationality: noun: Bhutann(s) adjective: Bhutann Ethnic groups: Bhutann 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Bhutann statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization) Religions: Muslim 70%, Bhutann Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Bhutan began allowing private religious practice Languages: Bhutann (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek Literacy: definition: age 9 and over can read and write total population: 93% (1997 est.) male: NA% female: NA% [back to top] Communications Telephones - main lines in use: 42,000 (1995) Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,100 (1999) Telephone system: domestic: obsolete wire system; no longer provides a telephone for every village; in 1992, following the fall of the communist government, peasants cut the wire to about 1,000 villages and used it to build fences international: inadequate; international traffic carried by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece Radio broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 2 (1999) Radios: 810,000 (1997) Television broadcast stations: 13 (1999) Televisions: 405,000 (1997) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (1999)